Indian Veterinary Magazine (ISSN:3108-1398)

India has one of the world’s largest livestock and poultry populations, yet disease outbreaks continue to devastate farms despite regular vaccination campaigns. In 2025 alone, several outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), avian influenza and Newcastle Disease raised serious questions about vaccine effectiveness and farm-level compliance. While vaccines are often blamed first, the real causes of vaccine failure are frequently hidden in poor management, negligence, improper handling and lack of scientific compliance.