Bovine Trypanosomiasis: Etiology, Epizootiology, Clinicopathological Alterations, Diagnostic Advances, Therapeutics, and Vaccine Prospects

Dr. Kirti Dadaram Fanase1, Dr. Pranav Sunil Jadhav2 Dr. Rajwardhan Chandrakant Nimbalkar3*1MVSc Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar.2MVSc Animal Nutrition, Indian Veterinary Research Instituten Bareilly3MVSc, Poultry Science, ICAR- Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Corresponding Author: Dr. Rajwardhan Chandrakant Nimbalkare-mail: rajnimbalkar700@gmail.com

Abstract

Bovine trypanosomosis is an economically important vector-borne protozoal disease affecting cattle in tropical and subtropical regions. It is primarily associated with Trypanosoma evansi, which causes Surra, and T. congolense, T. vivax and T. brucei brucei, which are associated with African animal trypanosomosis or Nagana. Transmission occurs through tsetse flies or mechanically by biting flies, while disease severity depends on parasite species, host susceptibility and environmental conditions. Clinical manifestations include intermittent fever, anemia, progressive weight loss, lymphadenopathy, reproductive disorders and reduced livestock productivity. Laboratory abnormalities may include decreased packed cell volume, hemoglobin and leukocyte counts, altered serum proteins, hypoglycemia and increased liver enzymes. Diagnosis involves blood smear examination, parasite concentration techniques, serological assays and molecular tests. Treatment relies on trypanocidal drugs and supportive care, although emerging drug resistance presents a major challenge. As no commercial field vaccine is currently available, effective control requires integrated chemotherapy, vector management, surveillance and continued research into improved diagnostics and vaccine development.