Indian Veterinary Magazine (ISSN:3108-1398)

Wild felids display remarkable diversity in their reproductive physiology, reflecting adaptations to varied ecological niches and life-history strategies. Understanding the female reproductive cycle is fundamental for improving captive breeding, assisted reproductive technologies, and conservation management of endangered species. Traditionally classified as induced ovulators, many felids also exhibit spontaneous ovulation, with significant variation among species and individuals. Estrous cycle length, endocrine patterns, seasonality, and luteal function differ widely across taxa. Recent advances in non-invasive endocrine monitoring, particularly faecal steroid analysis, have greatly enhanced our ability to study reproductive cycles without disturbing animals. Despite these developments, challenges remain in achieving consistent success with assisted reproduction due to variable ovarian responses and behavioural constraints. This review synthesizes current knowledge on reproductive anatomy, estrous cycle dynamics, ovulatory mechanisms, seasonality, gestation, and species-specific reproductive traits in wild felids. It also highlights the importance of integrating physiological, behavioural, and environmental factors to improve conservation outcomes.